Don’t ask, don’t tell

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LGBTQ+ individuals have served in the U.S. military since the nation’s founding, often in secrecy. Over time, military policies evolved from outright exclusion to limited tolerance, culminating in full inclusion. Below is a detailed historical overview with scholarly and historical sources.

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Early Military Service and Policies (1775–1940s)

Revolutionary War to Civil War (1775–1865)

• No formal military policies banned LGBTQ+ individuals during this period, but homosexuality was criminalized under general moral laws.
• The Articles of War (1775), the first military legal code, included sodomy prohibitions borrowed from British military law (Canaday, 2009).
• During the Civil War, there were instances of same-sex relationships, but they were rarely documented due to societal taboos (Berube, 1990).

World War I (1914–1918)

• The military began psychiatric screenings to exclude homosexual individuals, viewing them as “mentally unfit” (Shilts, 1993).
• These screenings were inconsistent, allowing many LGBTQ+ individuals to serve without issue.
• After the war, military discharges for homosexuality increased due to growing medicalization of sexual orientation (Canaday, 2009).

World War II (1939–1945)

• The U.S. military intensified its efforts to identify and discharge gay service members (Berube, 1990).
• A “blue discharge” system (neither honorable nor dishonorable) was used disproportionately for gay individuals, depriving them of GI Bill benefits (Canaday, 2009).
• Women suspected of being lesbians, particularly in the Women’s Army Corps (WACs), were also targeted, although less systematically than men (Shilts, 1993).

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The Cold War and Early LGBTQ+ Purges (1945–1980s)

Korean War and the McCarthy Era (1950s)

• The Lavender Scare (a parallel to the Red Scare) led to purges of LGBTQ+ individuals from the military and government (Johnson, 2004).
• President Eisenhower’s Executive Order 10450 (1953) banned LGBTQ+ individuals from federal employment, including military service (Dean, 2001).
• More than 5,000 service members were discharged in the 1950s for homosexuality (Shilts, 1993).

Vietnam War and the 1970s

• The need for personnel led to more lenient enforcement of gay bans during the Vietnam War (Shilts, 1993).
• Many LGBTQ+ individuals served in silence, while some used homosexuality as a means to avoid the draft (Howard, 2014).
• Despite increased visibility of LGBTQ+ rights movements, military policy remained hostile (Canaday, 2009).

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The 1980s–1990s: The AIDS Crisis and “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”

Reagan and Bush Administrations (1980s)

• In 1982, the Department of Defense issued Directive 1332.14, stating homosexuality was incompatible with military service (Shilts, 1993).
• The HIV/AIDS epidemic led to additional discrimination, as HIV-positive service members faced discharge (Berube, 1990).
• LGBTQ+ activism against the ban increased, particularly as many veterans found themselves dishonorably discharged (Howard, 2014).

Clinton and the Creation of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (1993)

• President Bill Clinton sought to lift the ban on LGBTQ+ service but faced opposition from Congress and military leaders.
• “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) was implemented as a compromise, allowing LGBTQ+ individuals to serve as long as they did not disclose their sexual orientation.
• Despite intentions to protect LGBTQ+ service members, DADT led to over 13,000 discharges from 1994 to 2011 (Frank, 2010).

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The 2000s–Present: Repeal, Inclusion, and Transgender Rights

Obama Administration and the Repeal of DADT (2010–2011)

• In 2010, Congress passed legislation to repeal DADT, signed into law by President Barack Obama.
• The policy officially ended in September 2011, allowing gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members to serve openly (Belkin, 2012).

Transgender Military Service and Trump-Era Restrictions (2016–2021)

• In 2016, the Obama administration lifted the ban on transgender individuals serving.
• President Donald Trump reversed this in 2017, banning most transgender individuals from serving (Gleason, 2019).
• The policy took effect in 2019, preventing transgender troops from accessing medical transition care.

Biden Administration and Full Inclusion (2021–Present)

• In 2021, President Joe Biden overturned the Trump-era ban, restoring the right of transgender individuals to serve openly (McNamara, 2022).
• Efforts have continued to upgrade discharges for LGBTQ+ veterans affected by past discriminatory policies.

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Conclusion

The history of LGBTQ+ individuals in the military reflects broader societal struggles for equality. Over time, military policies evolved from strict exclusion to conditional tolerance and eventual inclusion. While full equality has been achieved on paper, many veterans continue to fight for recognition and benefits lost due to past discrimination.

• Belkin, A. (2012). How We Won: Progressive Lessons from the Repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”. Hachette Books.
• Berube, A. (1990). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II. Free Press.
• Canaday, M. (2009). The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton University Press.
• Dean, R. (2001). Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy. University of Massachusetts Press.
• Frank, N. (2010). Unfriendly Fire: How the Gay Ban Undermines the Military and Weakens America. St. Martin’s Press.
• Gleason, B. (2019). “The Impact of Trump’s Transgender Military Ban,” Journal of Military and Veteran Studies, 7(2).
• Howard, C. (2014). Pride and Prejudice: The History of LGBTQ+ Military Service. Oxford University Press.
• Johnson, D. K. (2004). The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. University of Chicago Press.
• McNamara, S. (2022). “Biden’s Reversal of the Transgender Ban: Impacts and Challenges,” Military Review, 102(4).
• Shilts, R. (1993). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military. St. Martin’s Press.